Spirituality & the Tamil Nation
The Twelve Thirumurai
பன்னிரண்டு திருமுறைகள்
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"The following works of art and literature are
among the most remarkable contributions of the Tamil creative of
the Tamil creative genius to the world's cultural treasure and
should be familiar to the whole world and admired and beloved by
all in the same way as the poems of Homer, the dramas of
Shakespeare, the pictures of Rembrandt, the cathedrals of France
and the sculptures of Greece:....The school of
Bhakti ... Saiva, which
is one of those most sincere and passionate efforts of man to
grasp the Absolute; and its supreme literary expression in the
works of
Manikkavasagar,
Tirugnana Sambandar.... The philosophical system of
Saiva Sidhdhantha, a system, which may be ranked among the
most perfect and cleverest systems of human thought.."
(Tamil
Contribution to World Civilisation - Czech
Professor Dr. Kamil Zvelebil in Tamil Culture - Vol. V, No.
4. October, 1956)
audio by Sudha
Ragunathan
" எப்படிப் பாடினரோ�அடியார்
அப்படிப் பாட நான் ஆசை கொண்டேன் சிவனே (எப்படிப்)
அப்பரும்,
சுந்தரரும்
ஆளுடைப்
பிள்ளையும்,
அருள் மணி
வாசகரும் பொருள் உணரந்தே உன்னையே (எப்படிப்)
குருமணி சங்கரரும்
அருமைத் தாயுமானாரும்,
அருணகிரினாதரும்
அருட்ஜோதி வள்ளலும்
கருணைக் கடலில் பெருகி காதலினால் உருகி
கனித் தமிழ் சொல்லினால் இனிதுனை அனுதினம் (எப்படிப்) "
Suddhananda Bharathy
Thirumurai Thevaaram Thiruvasakam
Sambanthar Appar Sundarar at ShiVaYaShiVa
Professor C.R.Krishnamurthy in Thamizh Literature Through the Ages -
ThirumuRaikaL
(திருமுறைகள்)
The Saiva canonical poems composed by 63 leading saints scanning
approximately 600 years were classified into 12 books, ThirumuRaikaL
(திருமுறைகள்) by
n^ampi
AndAr n^ampi
(நம்பி ஆண்டார் நம்பி) (11th century A.D.) according to
the wishes of ChOzha King abaya KulasEkaran
(அபயகுலசேகரன், குலோத்துங்க சோழன்.)
The first, second and third ThirumuRaikaL were composed by
Thiru GnAna
Sampan^thar
(திருஞானசம்பந்தர்). Born in SIrkAzhi
(சீர்காழி) in the seventh century A.D. he is said to
have been nursed by umAdhEvi (உமாதேவி), the sakthi
(சக்தி) counterpart of Sivan. In a short life span of 16 years he was
one of the architects of the Bhakthi movement. In addition to his delightful
songs, he defeated the Jain monks in debate and succeeded in bringing the
hunch backed PAndya King back into the Hindu fold. He has composed 1600
pathikams (பதிகங்கள்), out of which only 384 are now
available.
The fourth, fifth and sixth ThirumuRaikaL were authored by
Thirun^Avuk karasar
(திருநாவுக்கரசர்).He is also known as appar
(அப்பர்) , the other architect of the Bhakthi
movement. He was born in ThiruvAmUr (திருவாமூர்) and
was a contemporary of Thiru GnAna Sampan^thar. He joined the Jain movement
for a while and after an attack of a severe abdominal ailment, he came back
into the Hindu fold and spent his long span of 80 years in social service.
Out of the 4800 pathikams (group of 10 stanzas) he wrote, only 312 are
available.
Sun^tharar
(சுந்தரர்),
the author of the seventh ThirumuRai was born in ThirumunaipAdi
(திருமுனைப்பாடி)
. In addition to his devotion to Lord Sivan he was instrumental in
organizing the followers into a cohesive group. Only 100 pathikams of
Sun^tharar are available The first 7 ThirumuRaikaL are collectively known as
ThEvAram (தேவாரம்), garland of gods.
Manicka vAchakar
(மாணிக்கவாசகர்), one whose words are like gems wrote the eighth
ThirumuRai consisting of
ThiruvAchakam
(திருவாசகம்)
,
ThiruvempAvai (திருவெம்பாவை)
and
ThirukkOvaiyAr,
(திருக்கோவையார்). He was born in ThiruvAthavUr
(திருவாதவூர்)
in the late 8th or early 9th century A.D. He was a minister in the
PAndya Kingdom but when he was sent to purchase horses for the army, he
spent all the money in religious pursuits. Lord Sivan is supposed to have
blessed him with his grace and saved him from the wrath of the King. It is
said that one who does not get moved by ThiruvAchakam will not be moved by
anything else.
(திருவாசகத்துக்கு உருகாதார் ஒரு வாசகத்துக்கும் உருகார்).
ThiruvAchakam has 51 poems wherein all the four classes of
meters (அகவல், வெண்பா, கலிப்பா, விருத்தம்)
have been employed.
The ninth ThirumuRai is named
ThiruvisaippA (திருவிசைப்பா), a collection of
poems by nine saints.
The tenth ThirumuRai,
Thiruman^thiram
(திருமந்திரம்) was written by a Saiva mystic
(சித்தர்), ThirumUlar (திருமூலர்)
who was a philosopher-poet of the late 6th century A.D. His poems are
supposed to have the simplicity of veNpA
(வெண்பா) and the music of the viruttham.
Thiruman^thiram
(திருமந்திரம்) is noted for its profound philosophical
messages and reformatory principles. As one who stood for the eclectic
school of mysticism, ThirumUlar had made references in his book to tantra
(தந்திரம்), mantram (மந்திரம்)and
yOga
(யோகம்) practices.
In an apparent condemnation of the practice of self mortification, he
states that there is no use of even frying one's own flesh in the fire till
it becomes like gold; one cannot attain salvation unless one becomes deeply
devoted whole heartedly to the divine.
என்பே விறகாய்
இறைச்சி அறுத்திட்டுப்
பொன்போல் கனலில் பொரிய வார்ப்பினும்
அன்போடு உருகி அகம்குழை வார்க்கன்றி
என்போல் மணியினை எய்தஒண் ணாதே.
ThirumUlar's most profound contribution to Saiva SitthAn^tham, which was
followed later by
ThAyumAnavar
(தாயுமானவர்) and rAmalingar
(இராமலிங்கர், was his emphasis on the oneness of God and oneness of
all creeds in the whole world. The following poem represents his philosophy
nicely :
ஒன்றுகண் டீர்உல
குக்கொரு தெய்வமும்
ஒன்றுகண் டீர்உல குக்குயி ராவது
நன்றுகண் டீர்இனி நமசிவா யப்பழந்
தின்றுகண் டேற்கிது தித்தித்த வாறே.
(திருமந்திரம் 2962)
The eleventh
ThirumuRai consists of poems composed by a heterogenous group of 12
Saivaite scholars and devotees including KAraikkAl ammaiyAr, n^akkIra ThEvar
(நக்கீர தேவர், கைலைபாதி காளத்தி பாதி அந்தாதி),
KallAdat ThEvar
(கல்லாடத்தேவர்), Kapila ThEvar
(கபிலதேவர்), cEramAn PerumAL
(சேரமான்பெருமாள்), n^ampi AndAr n^ampi
(நம்பியாண்டார்நம்பி), and Patttinat thatikaL
(பட்டினத்தடிகள்)
In Thamizh literature there were two poets with the name PattinatthAr
(பட்டினத்தார்). Part of the confusion is because both
hailed from KavirippUm pattinam (காவிரிப்பூம் பட்டினம்)and
both followed the Saivaite faith. Their similarities end there.
One of them lived in the 11th century A.D. while the other belonged to
the 14-15th century. Generally referred to as PattinatthatikaL
(பட்டினத்தடிகள்), the 11th century poet contributed the following
works which form part of the 11th ThirumuRai (திருமுறை):
KOil n^AnmaNi MAlai
(கோயில்நான்மணிமாலை), Thirukkzhumala mummaNik kOvai
(திருக்கழுமல மும்மணிக்கோவை), Thiruvidai maruthUr mummaNik kOvai
(திருவிடைமருதூர் மும்மணிக்கோவை), ThiruvEkampamutayAr Thiruvan^thAthi
(திருவேகம்பமுடையார் திருவந்தாதி) and ThiruvoRRiyUr orupA orupathu
(திருவொற்றியூர் ஒருபா ஒருபது)
.
Though he was a staunch Saivaite, PattinatthatikaL followed a
philosophy in which he advocated that people should remain inside the
traditional family system but lead a virtuous life coupled with devotion to
Sivan. This was diametrically opposite to the total renunciation preached by
PattinatthAr who lived later.
The twelfth ThirumuRai
was written by SEkkizAr (சேக்கிலார்). His work is
called Periya purANam
(பெரிய புராணம் அல்லது திருத்தொண்டர் புராணம்)
. The former terminology means the Great purANam and
the latter refers to the fact that the work deals with the glory of the
Saivaite saints. He lived in the twelfth century A.D. during the reign of
the ChOzha King KulOthunga III (முன்றாம் குலோத்துங்க சோழன்)
Salient features of 12 ThirumuRaikaL
Formless Supreme
Despite the multiplicity of godheads one encounters in Hindu mythology, a
closer study of the ThEvAram poems would indicate that, in fact, the reverse was
true. All the saints were stressing the oneness of the Supreme in no uncertain
terms. MANikkavAchakar's pleads in his
ThirutheLLENam (திருத்தெள்ளேணம்)
, "For One who does not have any name or any form, why not we give thousand
different names and hail His greatness"?(ஒருநாமம் ஓருருவம்
இல்லார்க்கு ஆயிரம் திருநாமம் பாடிநாம் தெள்ளேணங் கொட்டாமோ).
ThirumUlar has stated unequivocally in his
Thiruman^thiram "one caste and one God only".
ஒன்றே குலமும் ஒருவனே
தேவனும்
நன்றே நினைமின் நமனில்லை நாணாமே
சென்மே பகுங்கதி யில்லைநுஞ் சித்தத்து
நின்றே நிலைபெற நீர்நினைந் துய்மினே.
(திருமந்திரம் 2104.)
Similarly, ThirumUlar says in his thought provoking Thiruman^thiram that the
omnipotent One cannot be transcribed in a single place nor can be measured, nor
has any names but can only be experienced:
அந்தமில்லானுக்
ககலிடந்தான் இல்லை
அந்தமில்லானை அளப்பவர்தாமில்லை
அந்தமில்லானுக்கு அடுத்தசொல்தான் இல்லை
அந்தமில்லானை அறிந்துகொள்பத்தே
The fact that the Divine has no beginning, middle or end and is also timeless
has been mentioned in numerous places:
ஆதியும் அந்தமும்
இல்லா அரும்பெருஞ் சோதியை,
கேட்டறியோம் உனைக் கண்டறிவாரை,
முந்திய முதல் நடு இறுதியும் ஆனாய் -
மாணிக்கவாசகர்.
ஆதியும் அந்தமும் ஆன
ஐயாரன் அடித்தலமே), (ஆதியும் அந்தமும் ஆனான் கண்டாய -
திருநாவுக்கரசர்.
ஆதியும்ஈறும் ஆய எம்
அடிகள் - சுந்தரர்.
Others in their moments of their spiritual ecstasy have personified the
Divine as music.
ஏழிசையாய்
இசைப்பயனாய்), (இறைகளோடு இசைந்த இன்பம், இன்பத்தோடு இசைந்த வாழ்வு
-சுந்தரர்.
எழுநரம்பின் இன்இசை
கேட்டானை இன்புற்னை), பண்ணின் இசையாகி நின்ய் போற்றி -
திருநாவுக்கரசர்.
Thirun^Avuk karasar has employed the following 10 tunes
(இராகம், பண்) in
the first 21 pathikam
(பதிகங்கள்) of the fourth ThirumuRai: kAn^thAram
(காந்தாரம்), sAthAri (சாதாரி), kAn^thAra panchamam
(காந்தார பஞ்சமம்), kolli (கொல்லி),
pazan^ takkam
(பழந்தக்கம்), pazam pachuram (பழம்பஞ்காரம்),
indhaLam
(இந்தளம்), sIkAmaram (சிகாமரம்),
kuRinji
(குறிஞ்சி), piyanthaik kAnthAram
(பியந்தைக்காந்தாரம்)
.
The recognition of music for devotional purposes is, however, not unique to
the Thamizh community. People belonging to different religious faiths all over
the world have resorted to music for holy communion with the Absolute. The
nature of music and the tune
(இராகம், பண்) employed may vary but music did provide the
liaison between the worshipper and the Absolute. It is true that the Saivaite
saints used the name, Sivan to denote the Absolute Reality. But this is a matter
of semantics which is inevitable when one tries to describe the divine in human
terms.
Love as God
The concept of the Divine as Love is another example of human perception of
the Absolute. This point has also been stressed in several passages in the
ThirumuRaikaL. In the following Thiruman^thiram poem, ThirumUlar states that
only the ignorant will think that love and Sivan are two different things; only
few really understand that Sivan is nothing but love; once everyone understands
that Sivan is nothing but love, everyone will become saintly.
அன்பும் சிவமும்
இரண்டென்பர் அறிவிலார்
அன்பேசிவமாவது யாரும் அறிகிலார்
அன்பே சிவமாவது யாரும் அறிந்தபின்
அன்பேசிவமாய் அமர்ந்திருந்தாரே
Portrayal of the Divine as friend
An imaginary concept unique in the ThirumuRaikaL is the portrayal of the
Divine as the hero (பதி)and the individual
(பசு) as the heroine or friend and the involvement of messengers who will
transmit the love to the Lord. This is perhaps a carry over of the akam
(அகம்) concept from the Sangam period. A sincere devotee always longs for
the Lord; sighs heavily thinking about him; derives pleasure in listening to the
Lord's names and grace; suffers from the pangs of separation; gets obsessed
about joining the Lord. (தன்னை மறந்து தன்னாமங்கெட்டு, தலைவன்
தாளையே தலைப்படுதல்) These reactions are the same encountered in love
torn heroines separated from their heroes.
Absolute faith and surrender
According to Saiva SitthAn^tham, the prerequisite to attain salvation is
absolute faith and complete surrender of the individual to the Divine. By doing
so, one gets a psychological boost and confidence to face up to any complex
worldly situation. When the PAndya King asked Thirun^Avuk karasar to call on
him, the latter refused by saying that "we do not believe in servitude, we do
not fear even death":
"நாம் யார்க்கும்
குடிஅல்லோம் நமனை அஞ்சோம்"
When he was tied to rocks and thrown into the sea, Thirun^Avuk
karasar escapes miraculously through divine grace and says that even
if heaven drops into earth and the oceans engulf everything, even if
the galaxies lose their way and the sun and moon fall from their
orbits we shall not fear:
மண்பாதலம்புக்கு
மால்கடல்முடி மற்றுஏழ்உலகம் விண்பால் திசைகெட்டு இருசுடர் வீழினும்
அஞ்சல் நெஞ்சே.
The absolute surrender to the Divine is expressed in the following passage by
Thirun^Avuk karasar wherein he addresses the Lord and says " On the very day you
have graced me, you have taken away my soul, body and wealth; I am therefore not
concerned about any hardship I may encounter; whether good or bad comes to me I
am not responsible".
அன்றேஎன்றன் ஆவியும்
உடலும் உடமை எல்லாமும்
குன்றேஅனையாய் என்னை ஆட்
கொண்டபோதே கொண்டிலையோ
இன்றோர் இடையூறு எனக்குண்டோ
எண்தோள் முக்கண் எம்மானே
நன்றேசெய்வாய் பிழை செய்வாய்
நானோஇதற்கு நாயகமே.
MANicka vAchakar's sense of absolute surrender is expressed in the following
poem where he states that "he does not want family, place, fame or the company
of the learned ; thanks to you everything will come to me; all that I want is to
cry like a calf yearning for its dam":
உற்றாரை யான்வேண்டேன்
ஊர்வேண்டேன் பேர் வேண்டேன்
கற்றாரை யான்வேண்டேன்
கற்பனவும் இனி அமையும்
குற்ரறாலத்து அமர்ந்துறையும்
கூத்தா உன் குரைகழற்கே
கற்றாவின் மனம்போலக்
கசிந்துருக வேண்டுவனே
Devotional experience (மெய்ப்பாடுகள்)
The final outcome of all the penances mentioned above leads to a devotional
experience which defies description. Thiru GnAna Sampan^thar says " if one
utters your name with deep love and sing your praise with tears rolling down,
you will show the right path; the name n^machivAya, which is The Absolute beyond
the four vEdhAs".
காதலாகிக்கசிந்து
கண்ணீர் மல்கி
ஓதுவார் தமை நன்னெறிக்கு உய்ப்பது
வேதம் நான்கினும் மெய்ப்பொருளாவது
நாதன் நாமம் நமச்சிவாயவே.
ThirumUlar brings in the akam principle again to emphasize "how can anyone
visualize the Lord through the normal eyes? one can only see the Divine through
the mind ; for example, how can the mother explain to the daughter the pleasure
she and her husband had?"
முகத்திற்கண் கொண்டு
பார்க்கின்ற மூடர்காள்
அகத்திற்கண் கொண்டு காண்பதே ஆனந்தம்
மகற்குத்தாய்தன் மணாளனோடு ஆடிய
சுகத்தைச் சொல்எனல் சொல்லுமாறு எங்ஙனே.
In conclusion, the Saivaite doyens (சைவசமயக்குரவர்கள்.)
launched the Bhakthi movement to counteract the Jain and Buddhist propaganda.
By combining their musical expertise with heart rendering lyrics they were able
to inculcate the devotional trait into the minds of the Thamizh people which
seems to have sustained till today.
உலகெலாம் உணர்ந்து
ஓதற் கரியவன்
நிலவு லாவிய நீர்மலி வேணியன்
அலகிற் சோதியன் அம்பலத் தாடுவான்
மலர் சிலம்படி வாழ்த்தி வணங்குவோம்
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