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India & the Struggle for Tamil Eelam
Indo-Lanka Relationships - My
Memories
by R. Cholan, 10
December 2006
"...A politically weakened Tamil population in Sri Lanka
will in the long run result in the realization of India's worst nightmare.
Nothing can be worse for India than a country in its backyard, ruled by an
innately hostile population. India needs a strong Tamil hand in Sri Lanka,
and the sooner it understands this basic fact the better it is for them. A
chastened Indian Foreign Secretary, Jyotindra Dixit, six years after his
debacle in Sri Lanka told me something privately, which he didn�t (or
couldn�t) say openly in his book, Assignment Colombo (1998). He said to me
�I say, if I were Prabakaran, I won�t trust any of the Sinhalas. Tell him
that I told you so.� I never had the opportunity to tell Mr. Pirpaharan
that..."
One of my earliest memories of the Colombo harbor
was a large graffiti on a wall (facing the sea and the ships), which read:
�INDIA GO HOME�.
I grew up in Colombo in the forties and fifties, witnessing the many
manifestations of Indophobia in Sri Lanka. It was called Ceylon then. The
Indophobia of that era was not limited to graffiti � it was everywhere. The
Sinhala disdain for anything Indian was open and omnipresent. All Indians were
called Kalla-Thonis, a derogatory term coined originally to describe smugglers
and illegal immigrants. Even in the educated middle-class households this term
was freely used to describe Indians.
Indian traders, who were in the country in significant numbers at that time and
patronized regularly by the Ceylon Tamils, were shunned by the Sinhalese. Indian
grocery-stores had hardly any Sinhala customers. Indian textile merchants sold
their saris only to Ceylon Tamil customers and the Sinhalese bought theirs from
Sinhala owned shops. Indian restaurants were frequented mostly by Tamils, except
for a few Sinhalese who bought �one� Dosa (for 10-cents) in the sixties, for the
�unlimited� sambar and sambal that came free with it! At the Sinhala owned
Restaurants, a bread-meal (1/4 lb of bread for 25-cents) got them only two small
dishes of parippu and sambol � No Seconds!
Analysts who today sing praises of a healthy Indo-Lanka trade relationship
probably have no idea of what I am talking about. They were not there then to
know. Perhaps a simple chat with a Tamil clerk, who lived in the Sinhala towns
at that time, would be illuminative to these pundits.
Quite apart from the ordinary Sinhala citizen�s scorn towards the Indian
traders, there also existed a state level Indophobia. Any Indian who cares about
the future Indo-Lanka relationships must research the events of that era.
From the fifties on, a series of measures were taken by successive Sri Lanka
governments to make life harder for the traders from the south Indian states of
Madras and Kerala. The end result � by mid-sixties these Indian traders had
completely disappeared from Sri Lanka.
The first of these administrative acts was the requirement that all
non-Ceylonese businessmen register themselves, for a fee of Rs. 400.00, a huge
burden to these small time traders from India at that time. Indian grocers, who
eked out meager profits by selling Indian eggs for 18-cents, as opposed to the
local price of 21-cents, couldn�t afford this fee. Most chose to leave the
country.
Imports of groceries and magazines from India were then banned � not just
deterred with increased tariffs, but a complete ban. Readers of Indian
magazines, like Femina (English) and Kalki (Tamil), couldn�t get them anymore.
What the hell, these readers were only a miniscule minority and besides most
were Tamils. Those who could afford it got them in the black-market anyway, and
the rest of the readers didn�t matter.
Ironically, Tamil farmers in the north Sri Lanka welcomed the ban on Indian
onions, as the price of Jaffna onions skyrocketed (as did their profits), little
realizing what the Sinhala government was doing. When the Sinhala farmers
started growing onions, the transport of onions from Jaffna was bottlenecked at
the Elephant Pass army checkpoint, with a �permit� requirement. Those in Jaffna
(me included) ate onions for breakfast, lunch and dinner! Indian onions were
nowhere to be seen.
The Indophobia of that era also resulted in the Sinhala government going after
the so called Tamils of �recent� Indian origin. These immigrant plantation
workers imported by the British more than a hundred years earlier were already
stripped of their Ceylon citizenship by a prior legislation � the first
Legislative Act of the newly independent Ceylon in 1948. Since then these Tamils
had been living in Ceylon as �stateless� persons.
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Lal Bahadur Sastri |
India came under increasing pressure from the
Sinhala leadership to accept a forced repatriation of these stateless Tamils.
The first Indian PM, Jawaharlal Nehru, who had resisted the pressure
effectively, died in 1964. A weak leadership that followed, and the fact that
India was distracted at that time by a war with China, gave the Sinhala
leadership the best opportunity to ratchet-up the pressure. The new Prime
Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri caved-in agreeing to accept more than 50% of the
stateless Tamils (Sirimavo-Shastri Pact, October 1964). Over 500,000 Tamil
plantation workers were forcibly deported.
Intoxicated with this success, Sri Lanka was relentless against its large
neighbor, and succeeded in many fronts. The island of Kachchativu, a piece of
Indian Territory, was wrenched from India in 1974 with similar pressure tactics.
It must be remembered that the wrangle for this piece of Indian land occurred
less than three years after the first JVP insurrection (1970), when India was
the first to come to the rescue of the Colombo government. That�s Gratitude.
The next major issue with India was when India came to help in the ethnic
conflict in 1987, and ended up eating humble pie. Lured by one president to help
fight the Tamil rebels, India was booted out by the next, who mockingly joined
hands with the same rebels to kick India out. It was a classic example of
Sinhala leaders� penchant to renege on solemnly signed agreements.
If India's meek and complete acquiescence to its little neighbor is to keep out
its northern detractors from the island, it is obviously a failed strategy.
India never enjoyed a reciprocal loyalty from the Sri Lankans. Contrarily, the
Chinese and the Pakistani presence and influence in Sri Lanka have been
significant and at present growing alarmingly.
It is hoped at the highest echelons in India, that helping Sri Lanka fight the
Tamils will somehow diminish the Chinese and Pakistani influence there, at least
in the short-term. Quite apart from the fact that this policy has not produced
the desired results even in the short-run, the long-term outlook for India if
Sri Lanka wins the war against the Tamils is even gloomier.
A strong Tamil presence in the Sri Lankan polity (either federal or as separate
countries) is India's best bet. It is the only way India can counterbalance the
congenital and hereditary Sinhala Indophobia.
I base this on another of my early childhood memories in Sri Lanka. It is about
my own home and that of my relatives and friends. Every Tamil home during that
period had a framed photo of Mahatma Gandhi displayed in their living rooms.
Many had pictures of other Indian leaders, like Jawaharlal Nehru, Subash Chandra
Bose, etc. as well. In some cases these were kept in their shrine rooms among
pictures of their gods. No Sinhala home ever had pictures of Indian leaders.
Sri Lankan Tamils are the natural allies of India. The Sinhalese are
congenitally and hereditarily ill-disposed towards India, perhaps their attitude
being rooted in the historical memories of invasions in centuries past, or the
Mahavamsa teachings, or whatever. Merits of these dissimilar dispositions apart,
it is the ground reality. It is something that India needs to understand and
recognize, or ignore at its own peril.
Current Indian analysts mesmerized by the famed Sinhala hospitality may not
fully comprehend all of this. The new chumminess is interpreted as Sri Lanka�s
final acceptance of India�s regional super-power status. Given the past history,
and the subliminal Indophobia that still exists, this is an obviously flawed
assumption. The Sinhala leaders are acting friendly today only for India�s help
to crush the Tamil rebellion. President Jayewardene once said at a news
conference in Hong Kong, �the Sri Lankan government will accept help from the
devil himself� to fight the Tamils. Currently the Sinhala leaders are consorting
with the 'Indian devil' only for this help.
A politically weakened Tamil population in Sri Lanka will in the long run result
in the realization of India's worst nightmare. Nothing can be worse for India
than a country in its backyard, ruled by an innately hostile population. India
needs a strong Tamil hand in Sri Lanka, and the sooner it understands this basic
fact the better it is for them.
A chastened Indian Foreign Secretary, Jyotindra Dixit, six years after his
debacle in Sri Lanka told me something privately, which he didn�t (or couldn�t)
say openly in his book, Assignment Colombo (1998). He said to me �I say, if I
were Prabakaran, I won�t trust any of the Sinhalas. Tell him that I told you
so.�
I never had the opportunity to tell Mr. Pirpaharan that.
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