To all to whom these Presents shall come, we the undersigned Delegates of the
States affixed to our Names send greeting.
Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the states of New
Hampshire, Massachusetts-bay Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia,
North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.
The Stile of this Confederacy shall be "The United States of
America".
Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every
power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly
delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.
The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship
with each other, for their common defense, the security of their liberties,
and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other,
against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on
account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretense whatever.
The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among
the people of the different States in this Union, the free inhabitants of each
of these States, paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice excepted,
shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the
several States; and the people of each State shall free ingress and regress to
and from any other State, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade
and commerce, subject to the same duties, impositions, and restrictions as the
inhabitants thereof respectively, provided that such restrictions shall not
extend so far as to prevent the removal of property imported into any State,
to any other State, of which the owner is an inhabitant; provided also that no
imposition, duties or restriction shall be laid by any State, on the property
of the United States, or either of them.
If any person guilty of, or charged with, treason, felony, or other high
misdemeanor in any State, shall flee from justice, and be found in any of the
United States, he shall, upon demand of the Governor or executive power of the
State from which he fled, be delivered up and removed to the State having
jurisdiction of his offense.
Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these States to the
records, acts, and judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates of every
other State.
For the most convenient management of the general interests of the United
States, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner as the
legislatures of each State shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first
Monday in November, in every year, with a power reserved to each State to
recall its delegates, or any of them, at any time within the year, and to send
others in their stead for the remainder of the year.
No State shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor more than
seven members; and no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more
than three years in any term of six years; nor shall any person, being a
delegate, be capable of holding any office under the United States, for which
he, or another for his benefit, receives any salary, fees or emolument of any
kind.
Each State shall maintain its own delegates in a meeting of the States, and
while they act as members of the committee of the States.
In determining questions in the United States in Congress assembled, each
State shall have one vote.
Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or
questioned in any court or place out of Congress, and the members of Congress
shall be protected in their persons from arrests or imprisonments, during the
time of their going to and from, and attendence on Congress, except for
treason, felony, or breach of the peace.
No State, without the consent of the United States in Congress assembled,
shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy from, or enter into any
conference, agreement, alliance or treaty with any King, Prince or State; nor
shall any person holding any office of profit or trust under the United
States, or any of them, accept any present, emolument, office or title of any
kind whatever from any King, Prince or foreign State; nor shall the United
States in Congress assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility.
No two or more States shall enter into any treaty, confederation or
alliance whatever between them, without the consent of the United States in
Congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for which the same is
to be entered into, and how long it shall continue.
No State shall lay any imposts or duties, which may interfere with any
stipulations in treaties, entered into by the United States in Congress
assembled, with any King, Prince or State, in pursuance of any treaties
already proposed by Congress, to the courts of France and Spain.
No vessel of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State, except
such number only, as shall be deemed necessary by the United States in
Congress assembled, for the defense of such State, or its trade; nor shall any
body of forces be kept up by any State in time of peace, except such number
only, as in the judgement of the United States in Congress assembled, shall be
deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defense of such
State; but every State shall always keep up a well-regulated and disciplined
militia, sufficiently armed and accoutered, and shall provide and constantly
have ready for use, in public stores, a due number of filed pieces and tents,
and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition and camp equipage.
No State shall engage in any war without the consent of the United States
in Congress assembled, unless such State be actually invaded by enemies, or
shall have received certain advice of a resolution being formed by some nation
of Indians to invade such State, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit
of a delay till the United States in Congress assembled can be consulted; nor
shall any State grant commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters
of marque or reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the United
States in Congress assembled, and then only against the Kingdom or State and
the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and under such
regulations as shall be established by the United States in Congress
assembled, unless such State be infested by pirates, in which case vessels of
war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so long as the danger shall
continue, or until the United States in Congress assembled shall determine
otherwise.
When land forces are raised by any State for the common defense, all
officers of or under the rank of colonel, shall be appointed by the
legislature of each State respectively, by whom such forces shall be raised,
or in such manner as such State shall direct, and all vacancies shall be
filled up by the State which first made the appointment.
All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be incurred for the
common defense or general welfare, and allowed by the United States in
Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be
supplied by the several States in proportion to the value of all land within
each State, granted or surveyed for any person, as such land and the buildings
and improvements thereon shall be estimated according to such mode as the
United States in Congress assembled, shall from time to time direct and
appoint.
The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the
authority and direction of the legislatures of the several States within the
time agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled.
The United States in Congress assembled, shall have the sole and exclusive
right and power of determining on peace and war, except in the cases mentioned
in the sixth article -- of sending and receiving ambassadors -- entering into
treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made
whereby the legislative power of the respective States shall be restrained
from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are
subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any
species of goods or commodities whatsoever -- of establishing rules for
deciding in all cases, what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in
what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the United
States shall be divided or appropriated -- of granting letters of marque and
reprisal in times of peace -- appointing courts for the trial of piracies and
felonies commited on the high seas and establishing courts for receiving and
determining finally appeals in all cases of captures, provided that no member
of Congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said courts.
The United States in Congress assembled shall also be the last resort on
appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting or that hereafter may
arise between two or more States concerning boundary, jurisdiction or any
other causes whatever; which authority shall always be exercised in the manner
following. Whenever the legislative or executive authority or lawful agent of
any State in controversy with another shall present a petition to Congress
stating the matter in question and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall
be given by order of Congress to the legislative or executive authority of the
other State in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the
parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint by joint
consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court for hearing and
determining the matter in question: but if they cannot agree, Congress shall
name three persons out of each of the United States, and from the list of such
persons each party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners
beginning, until the number shall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number
not less than seven, nor more than nine names as Congress shall direct, shall
in the presence of Congress be drawn out by lot, and the persons whose names
shall be so drawn or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to
hear and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major part of the
judges who shall hear the cause shall agree in the determination: and if
either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without showing
reasons, which Congress shall judge sufficient, or being present shall refuse
to strike, the Congress shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each
State, and the secretary of Congress shall strike in behalf of such party
absent or refusing; and the judgement and sentence of the court to be
appointed, in the manner before prescribed, shall be final and conclusive; and
if any of the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court,
or to appear or defend their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless
proceed to pronounce sentence, or judgement, which shall in like manner be
final and decisive, the judgement or sentence and other proceedings being in
either case transmitted to Congress, and lodged among the acts of Congress for
the security of the parties concerned: provided that every commissioner,
before he sits in judgement, shall take an oath to be administered by one of
the judges of the supreme or superior court of the State, where the cause
shall be tried, 'well and truly to hear and determine the matter in question,
according to the best of his judgement, without favor, affection or hope of
reward': provided also, that no State shall be deprived of territory for the
benefit of the United States.
All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under
different grants of two or more States, whose jurisdictions as they may
respect such lands, and the States which passed such grants are adjusted, the
said grants or either of them being at the same time claimed to have
originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall on the
petition of either party to the Congress of the United States, be finally
determined as near as may be in the same manner as is before presecribed for
deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between different
States.
The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the sole and
exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by
their own authority, or by that of the respective States -- fixing the
standards of weights and measures throughout the United States -- regulating
the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the
States, provided that the legislative right of any State within its own limits
be not infringed or violated -- establishing or regulating post offices from
one State to another, throughout all the United States, and exacting such
postage on the papers passing through the same as may be requisite to defray
the expenses of the said office -- appointing all officers of the land forces,
in the service of the United States, excepting regimental officers --
appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all
officers whatever in the service of the United States -- making rules for the
government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing
their operations.
The United States in Congress assembled shall have authority to appoint a
committee, to sit in the recess of Congress, to be denominated 'A Committee of
the States', and to consist of one delegate from each State; and to appoint
such other committees and civil officers as may be necessary for managing the
general affairs of the United States under their direction -- to appoint one
of their members to preside, provided that no person be allowed to serve in
the office of president more than one year in any term of three years; to
ascertain the necessary sums of money to be raised for the service of the
United States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public
expenses -- to borrow money, or emit bills on the credit of the United States,
transmitting every half-year to the respective States an account of the sums
of money so borrowed or emitted -- to build and equip a navy -- to agree upon
the number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each State for its
quota, in proportion to the number of white inhabitants in such State; which
requisition shall be binding, and thereupon the legislature of each State
shall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men and cloath, arm and equip
them in a solid-like manner, at the expense of the United States; and the
officers and men so cloathed, armed and equipped shall march to the place
appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in Congress
assembled. But if the United States in Congress assembled shall, on
consideration of circumstances judge proper that any State should not raise
men, or should raise a smaller number of men than the quota thereof, such
extra number shall be raised, officered, cloathed, armed and equipped in the
same manner as the quota of each State, unless the legislature of such State
shall judge that such extra number cannot be safely spread out in the same, in
which case they shall raise, officer, cloath, arm and equip as many of such
extra number as they judeg can be safely spared. And the officers and men so
cloathed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within
the time agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled.
The United States in Congress assembled shall never engage in a war, nor
grant letters of marque or reprisal in time of peace, nor enter into any
treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor
ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defense and welfare of the
United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the credit
of the United States, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the number of
vessels of war, to be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces
to be raised, nor appoint a commander in chief of the army or navy, unless
nine States assent to the same: nor shall a question on any other point,
except for adjourning from day to day be determined, unless by the votes of
the majority of the United States in Congress assembled.
The Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any time
within the year, and to any place within the United States, so that no period
of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six months, and
shall publish the journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts
thereof relating to treaties, alliances or military operations, as in their
judgement require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each
State on any question shall be entered on the journal, when it is desired by
any delegates of a State, or any of them, at his or their request shall be
furnished with a transcript of the said journal, except such parts as are
above excepted, to lay before the legislatures of the several States.
The Committee of the States, or any nine of them, shall be authorized to
execute, in the recess of Congress, such of the powers of Congress as the
United States in Congress assembled, by the consent of the nine States, shall
from time to time think expedient to vest them with; provided that no power be
delegated to the said Committee, for the exercise of which, by the Articles of
Confederation, the voice of nine States in the Congress of the United States
assembled be requisite.
Canada acceding to this confederation, and adjoining in the measures of the
United States, shall be admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of
this Union; but no other colony shall be admitted into the same, unless such
admission be agreed to by nine States.
All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed, and debts contracted by, or
under the authority of Congress, before the assembling of the United States,
in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a
charge against the United States, for payment and satisfaction whereof the
said United States, and the public faith are hereby solemnly pleged.
Every State shall abide by the determination of the United States in
Congress assembled, on all questions which by this confederation are submitted
to them. And the Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed
by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at
any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to
in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the
legislatures of every State.
And Whereas it hath pleased the Great Governor of the World to incline the
hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent in Congress, to approve of,
and to authorize us to ratify the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual
Union. Know Ye that we the undersigned delegates, by virtue of the power and
authority to us given for that purpose, do by these presents, in the name and in
behalf of our respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm
each and every of the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union, and
all and singular the matters and things therein contained: And we do further
solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective constituents, that they
shall abide by the determinations of the United States in Congress assembled, on
all questions, which by the said Confederation are submitted to them. And that
the Articles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the States we respectively
represent, and that the Union shall be perpetual.
In Witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands in Congress. Done at
Philadelphia in the State of Pennsylvania the ninth day of July in the Year of
our Lord One Thousand Seven Hundred and Seventy-Eight, and in the Third Year of
the independence of America.
Agreed to by Congress 15 November 1777 In force after ratification by
Maryland, 1 March 1781
